How does kerning specifically affect typography?

Kerning specifically affects typography by adjusting the space between pairs of letters. This adjustment is crucial because the optimal spacing between letters can significantly enhance readability and the overall visual appeal of text. When kerning is applied properly, it ensures that the text appears balanced and harmonious, which helps convey the intended message more effectively. If the space between certain letter pairs is too tight or too loose, it can create awkward visual gaps and disrupt the flow of reading. Thus, kerning plays a vital role in the legibility and aesthetics of typographic design.